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Malaysia
This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Malaysia

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Malaysia is a federation of 13 states. Eleven states are located on the Malay Peninsula while two are on the island of Borneo.

Map of the states of Malaysia

West Malaysia, on the Malay Peninsula

States (State capitals in parentheses):
- Sultanate of Johor (Johor Bahru)
- Sultanate of Kedah (Alor Star)
- Sultanate of Kelantan (Kota Bharu)
- Sultanate of Pahang (Kuantan)
- Sultanate of Perak (Ipoh)
- Sultanate of Selangor (Shah Alam)
- Sultanate of Terengganu (Kuala Terengganu)
- Elective Monarchy of Negeri Sembilan (Seremban)
- Kingdom of Perlis (Kangar)
- Melaka (Bandar Melaka)
- Pulau Pinang (George Town)

Federal Territories:
- Federal Territory of Putrajaya (federal administrative capital)
- Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (legislative capital)

East Malaysia, on Borneo

States (State capitals in parentheses):
- Sabah (Kota Kinabalu)
- Sarawak (Kuching)

Federal Territory:
- Federal Territory of Labuan (Bandar Labuan)

Codes and Abbreviations

Country and regional codes. Note that FIPS 10-4 and ISO 3166-2:MY codes are not interchangeable.

Regions	Abbreviation	ISO 3166-2:MY	FIPS 10-4^[a]
Johor	JHR	MY-01	MY01
Kedah	KDH	MY-02	MY02
Kelantan	KTN	MY-03	MY03
Melaka^[1]	MLK	MY-04	MY04
Negeri Sembilan	NSN	MY-05	MY05
Pahang	PHG	MY-06	MY06
Pulau Pinang^[1]	PNG	MY-07	MY09
Perak	PRK	MY-08	MY07
Perlis	PLS	MY-09	MY08
Selangor	SGR	MY-10	MY12
Terengganu	TRG	MY-11	MY13
Sabah	SBH	MY-12	MY16
Sarawak	SRW	MY-13	MY11
W.P Kuala Lumpur	KUL	MY-14	-
W.P Labuan	LBN	MY-15	MY15
W.P Putrajaya	PJY	MY-16	-
Wilayah Persekutuan^[2]	-	-	MY14

Notes

[a] - Code MY10 is not used in FIPS 10-4 but was used for FIPS 10-3USAid Geocode (for Sabah)
[1] - Territories named in official language for both FIPS 10-4 and ISO 3166-2:MY code listsMaxMind GeoIP
[2] - Wilayah Persekutuan defined as the territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Used by FIPS only

Governance

The nine Malay States have a hereditary Ruler as titular Head of state and a popularly elected, executive Chief Minister or Menteri Besar as politically responsible Head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans (typically Islamic). Only Negeri Sembilan\'s elective ruler holds the rare, autochthonous Malay title of Yang di-Pertuan Besar, whereas only the Ruler of Perlis is titled Raja (a relic from the Hindu period). The Federal King (titled Yang di-Pertuan Agong) is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular) and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a federally appointed titular Governor (but styled Yang di-Pertua Negeri \'head of state\') and an executive Chief Minister.

Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper\'s bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government.Wu, Min Aun & Hickling, R. H. (2003). Hickling\'s Malaysian Public Law, pp. 64–65. Petaling Jaya: Pearson Malaysia. ISBN 983-74-2518-0.

The Parliament of Malaysia is permitted to legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government in order to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on the request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations.Wu & Hickling, pp. 65–66.

See also: List of capitals in Malaysia

Singapore and Brunei

Main article: Singapore in Malaysia

Singapore was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until Singapore separated from the rest of Malaysia on 9 August 1965.

Brunei was invited to join the federation but decided not to at the last minute because of several reasons.

Key statistics

State	Population	Area (sq km)	Pop. density	Urban pop.(%)	Bumiputra (%)	Chinese (%)	Indian (%)
Selangor	4,188,876	7,960	526	87.6	53.5	30.7	14.6
Johor	2,740,625	18,987	144	65.2	57.1	35.4	6.9
Sabah	2,603,485	73,619	35	48.0	80.5	13.2	0.5
Sarawak	2,071,506	124,450	17	48.1	72.9	26.7	0.2
Perak	2,051,236	21,005	98	58.7	54.7	32.0	13.0
Kedah	1,649,756	9,425	175	39.3	76.6	14.9	7.1
FT Kuala Lumpur	1,379,310	243	5,676	100.0	43.6	43.5	11.4
Penang	1,500,449	1,031	1,274	80.1	42.5	46.5	10.6
Kelantan	1,313,014	15,024	87	34.2	95.0	3.8	0.3
Pahang	1,288,376	35,965	36	42.0	76.8	17.7	5.0
Terengganu	898,825	12,955	69	48.7	96.8	2.8	0.2
Negeri Sembilan	859,924	6,644	129	53.4	57.9	25.6	16.0
Malacca	635,791	1,652	385	67.2	63.8	29.1	6.5
Perlis	204,450	795	257	34.3	85.5	10.3	1.3
FT Labuan	76,067	92	827	77.7	79.6	15.8	1.3
FT Putrajaya	45,000	148	304	100.0	94.8	1.8	2.7